tugas kelompok

Telaah pranata masyarakat inggris 1

Britain and the world

Cretead by :

 Agli ristiyani
 Davin anto nugraha
 Devi yolandasari
 Ika yulianti
 Sandymita ririn aprinda
 Yosef saefudin






A. Britain HISTORY AND UNITED KINGDOM
United Kingdom is an island country in the United Kingdom, which covers about 2 / 3 of the south.
In addition to what is now known as the British, the British Empire also includes Wales, between the years 1536-1707. The kingdom was abolished in 1707 by the Union Act 1707 (the Act Union with Scotland) and became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is a country in Western Europe, which is usually recognized as the United Kingdom (abbreviation: UK). United Kingdom formed a Deed of Union that united England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. By precisely, Great Britain or Britain refers to the combination of England, Wales and Scotland which does not include Northern Ireland.
Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, created through the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the United Kingdom under the Union Act 1707 to create a single empire consisting of the entire island of Great Britain. A single parliament and government based in Westminster, London set the whole kingdom. The second part of the former kingdom has the same in a monarchy since King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England in 1603.
Since 1707, a throne of "British" to replace the combined Scottish and English throne and a joint parliament to replace the Scottish and English parliaments. Scotland and England were both given seats in the House of Commons and House of Lords in the new parliament.
This kingdom was later replaced by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 when the Royal Irish entered the implementation of the Union Act 1801.
The following is a list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed on May 1, 1707 from the merger of the British Empire and the Kingdom of Scotland. On January 1, 1801 merger of the United Kingdom with the Kingdom of Ireland and formed "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". After some parts of Ireland broke away on December 6, 1922, on 12 April 1927 the name changed again to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".
List of kings and queens of the United Kingdom
• Anne (1707-1714)
• George I (1714-1727)
• George II (1727-1760)
• George III (1760-1801), went away as King of the United Kingdom (United Kingdom) until 1820.
• George IV (1820-1830)
• William IV (1830-1837)
• Victoria (1837-1901)
• Edward VII (1901-1910)
• George V (1910-1936)
• Edward VIII (January 1936-December 1936)
• George VI (Dec 1936-1952)
• Elizabeth II (1952-present)














BRITAIN AND THE WORLD

1.COMMONWEALTH
1.1 What is the meaning of commonwealth?
The Commonwealth is a term that comes from the fifteenth century (from English commonwealth) which literally means to the good / common prosperity. The Commonwealth was originally meant a state that led to prosperity together and not just for the prosperity of a few people from certain classes only. In today's more meaningful term is more or less common means of political community.
* A country founded on a law for the good of the people together;
* A federation of states;
* A community of independent states;
* A republic; or
* A country of a democratic constitutional monarchy.

Head of the Commonwealth countries is the king / queen of England, which currently held by Queen Elizabeth II. Queen Elizabeth II also leads directly in some countries, known as the World Commonwealth, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and several other countries.
Commonwealth Countries (English: Commonwealth of Nations) is a voluntary union involving sovereign states established or never colonized by the United Kingdom (or often just called the UK).
Not all members recognize Queen of England, Elizabeth II, as head of state. Countries that took as head of state known as the Kingdom of the Commonwealth or the "Commonwealth Realm". After all, most members are republics, and some others have their own monarchy. However, all members consider Queen Elizabeth II as Head of the Commonwealth.



1.2 Who are the member of commonwealth?
















1.3 Historical background about the commonwealth member?

The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.
While not all current members were once British colonies, the Commonwealth is generally considered to be the successor to the British Empire. In 1884, while visiting Australia, Lord Rosebery described the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies became more independent, as a "Commonwealth of Nations".[3]
Conferences of British and colonial Prime Ministers had occurred periodically since 1887, leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911.[4] The formal organisation of the Commonwealth developed from the Imperial Conferences, where the independence of the self-governing colonies and especially of dominions was recognised. The Irish Oath of Allegiance, agreed in 1921, included the Irish Free State's "adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations." In the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, Britain and its dominions agreed they were "equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." These aspects to the relationship were eventually formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 (Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to come into effect; which Newfoundland never did and Australia and New Zealand did in 1942 and 1947 respectively.




1.4 The Advantages of commonwealth
England triumphed with the commonwealth and the spread of the administration and application of technology in the country understands its colony and spread the commonwealth. Similarly, adopting manufacturing technology, weather, monetary currency of pounds and still be a central policy of England, located in London. The use of operational machinery and Land Rover Rolls Royce in the commonwealth countries showed the benefits of discipline English people.
Commonwealth goals first outlined in the 1971 Singapore Declaration, which the Commonwealth is committed to world peace organization; promotion of representative democracy and individual freedom; pursue equality and against racism; fight against poverty, ignorance and disease; and free trade. To this is added the opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the Lusaka Declaration of 1979 (the most concerned racism), and environmental sustainability by the year 1989 Langkawi Declaration. This goal is reinforced by the Harare Declaration in 1991.
Committed to democracy, good governance, human rights, gender equality, and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalization. List of sites work as a Commonwealth territory: Democracy, Economy, Education, Gender, Governance, Human Rights, Law, Small States, Sport, Sustainability, and Youth.
No single government in the Commonwealth, British or otherwise, to use power over others, such as in a political unity. Conversely, the relationship is one of the international organization in which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are considered as equal in status, and work together within the framework of values and common objectives, as outlined in the Singapore Declaration.These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace, and carried out through multilateral projects and meetings, as well as the Commonwealth Games quadrennial. The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who is known for this purpose as the Chairman of the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth is not a political entity, but an intergovernmental organization countries through a variety of social, political and economic background is considered as the same status.



















2. IMIGRANT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
2.1 The original countries of the immigrant.



























2.2. The reason they come to UK
Immigration to the United Kingdom have been from all over Europe and the world. Over the millennia successive waves of immigrants have come to the United Kingdom seeking economic prosperity or to escape persecution or hardship. For thousands of years successive waves of immigrants came to Great Britain for the economic prosperity or to escape persecution or difficulty. Their impact has shaped the course of history of Britain itself. Impact they have formed British history itself.



2.3. The percentage of immigrant
Official figures show that in the year 2008, 590,000 people came to live in the UK while 427,000 left, which means that the net migration to 163,000. Total net immigration in 2007 was 237,000 to 46,000 increases in 2006.In 2006, there were 149,035 applications for British citizenship, 32 percent less than in 2005. The number of people granted citizenship during 2006 was 154.095, 5 per cent fewer than in 2005. The number of people granted citizenship during 2006 was 154,095, 5 percent less than in 2005. The largest groups of people granted British citizenship were from India, Pakistan, Somalia and the Philippines. In 2006, 134.430 people were granted settlement in the UK, a drop of 25 per cent on 2005. The Greatest given groups of British citizens from India, Pakistan, Somalia, and the Philippines. In 2006, 134,430 people were given housing in the UK, down from 25 percent in 2005.
At the time the latest census of England, conducted in April 2001, 8.3 percent of the population foreign born. is substantially lower than the major immigration countries like the United States (12.3%), Canada (19.3%) and Australia (23%). [2] The figures for each census since 1951 is given in the table below. In 2005, the foreign-born population was estimated at 9.1 per cent, compared to a European Union average of 8.6 per cent. [3] It has been estimated that the foreign-born population had grown to 10.6 per cent by 2007. In 2005, the population was born outside the country is estimated to 9.1 percent, compared with the European Union average of 8.6 percent. It is estimated that foreign-born population has grown to 10.6 percent in 2007.

2.4. Government treatment toward immigrant
"Managed migration" is the term for all legal labor and student migration from outside of the European Union and this accounts for a substantial percentage of overall immigration figures for the UK. Many of the immigrants who arrive under these schemes bring skills which are in short supply in the UK. This area of immigration is managed by the UK Border Agency, a department within the Home Office. Applications are made at UK embassies or consulates or directly to the UK Border Agency, depending upon the type of visa or permit required. In April 2006 changes to the managed migration system were proposed that would create one points-based immigration system for the UK in place of all other schemes. The replacement for Highly Skilled Migrant Programmed (Tier 1 in the new system) gives points for age, education, earning, previous UK experience but not for work experience. The points-based system was phased in over the course of 2008, replacing previous managed migration schemes such as the work permit system and the Highly Skilled Migrant Programmed.
The points-based system is composed of four tiers, described by the UK Border Agency as follows:
• Tier 1 – for highly skilled individuals, who can contribute to growth and productivity;
• Tier 2 – for skilled workers with a job offer, to fill gaps in the United Kingdom workforce;
• Tier 3 – for limited numbers of low-skilled workers needed to fill temporary labor shortages;
• Tier 4 – for students;
• Tier 5 – for temporary workers and young people covered by the Youth Mobility Scheme, who are allowed to work in the United Kingdom for a limited time to satisfy primarily non-economic objectives. For family relatives of European Economic Area nationals living in the UK, there is the EEA family permit which enables those family members to join their relatives already living and working in the UK. Though immigration is a matter that is reserved to the UK government under the legislation that established devolution for Scotland in 1999, the Scottish Government was able to get an agreement from the Home Office for their Fresh Talent Initiative which was designed to encourage foreign graduates of Scottish universities to stay in Scotland to look for employment. Fresh Talent is now closed following the introduction of the points-based system.

3. ETNICH GROUP
People from various ethnic groups reside in the United Kingdom. Since World War II, however, substantial immigration from the New Commonwealth, Europe, and the rest of the world has altered the demographic make-up of many cities in the United Kingdom. Migration from what are now the Northern European states has been happening for millennia, with other groups such as British Jews also well established.
3.1 The kind of ethnic in UK
According to the 2001 Census, the ethnic composition of the United Kingdom was:



3.2 The region of ethnic


In 2001 minority ethnic groups were more likely to live in England than in the other countries of the UK. In England, they made up 9 per cent of the total population compared with only 2 per cent in both Scotland and Wales and less than 1 per cent in Northern Ireland.
The minority ethnic populations were concentrated in the large urban centers. Nearly half (45 per cent) of the total minority ethnic population lived in the London region, where they comprised 29 per cent of all residents.
After London, the second largest proportion of the minority ethnic population lived in the West Midlands (with 13 per cent of the minority ethnic population), followed by the South East (8 per cent), the North West (8 per cent), and Yorkshire and the Humber (7 per cent).
The English regions which contained the smallest proportion of the minority ethnic population were the North East and the South West where they made up only 2 per cent of each region's population.
Seventy eight per cent of Black Africans and 61 percent of Black Caribbean lived in London. More than half of the Bangladeshi group (54 per cent) also lived in London. Other ethnic minority groups were more dispersed. Only 19 per cent of Pakistanis resided in London, 21 per cent lived in the West Midlands, 20 per cent in Yorkshire and the Humber, and 16 per cent in the North West.


4. The European Community
4.1 The role of UK in European community

The United Kingdom referendum of 1975 was a post-legislative referendum held on 5 June 1975 in the United Kingdom to gauge support for the country's continued membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), often known as the Common Market at the time, which it had entered in 1973 under the Conservative government of Edward Heath. Labor’s manifesto for the October 1974 general election promised that the people would decide "through the ballot box"[1] whether to remain in the EEC. The electorate expressed significant support for EEC membership, with 67% in favor on a 65% turnout. This was the only referendum held throughout the entire United Kingdom in its history; other referendums have been arranged only in certain areas, like Scotland, Wales, Greater London or individual towns.
The February 1974 general election yielded a Labor minority government, which then won a majority in the October 1974 general election. Labor pledged in its February 1974 manifesto to renegotiate the terms of British accession to the EEC, and to then consult the people on whether Britain should stay in the EEC on the new terms if they were acceptable to the government. The Labor Party had traditionally feared the consequences of EEC membership, such as the large differentials between the high price of food under the Common Agricultural Policy and the low prices prevalent in Commonwealth markets, as well as the loss of economic sovereignty and the freedom of governments to engage in socialist industrial policies, and party leaders stated their opinion that the Conservatives had negotiated unfavorable terms for Britain.[2] The EEC heads of government agreed a deal in Dublin by 11 March 1975; Wilson declared "I believe that our renegotiation objectives have been substantially though not completely achieved", and that the government would recommend a vote in favor of continued membership.[3] On 9 April, the House of Commons voted 396 to 170 to continue within the Common Market on the new terms. In tandem with these developments, the government drafted a Referendum Bill, to be moved in case of a successful renegotiation.
The referendum debate was an unusual time for British politics. During the campaign, the Labor Cabinet was split and its members campaigned on each side of the question, a rare breach of Cabinet collective responsibility. Most votes in the House of Commons in preparation for the referendum were only carried thanks to opposition support, and the government faced several defeats on technical issues such as election counts. Finally, although the government declared in advance that it would adhere to the result, the referendum itself was not binding upon the government in the strict legal sense, due to the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. This principle would itself come into question as a consequence of EEC membership in the Factor tame litigation.






4.2 Arguments between UK and EC to all argument
When Britain joined the European community in 1973, it was at a time when the prose of economic advance. Since 1973 Britain has found it self planning negative, defensive role in the role in process of economic integration. Even after the 1975 referendum the was expected to put an end to put argument about British, British policy – makers were constrained to spend another ten years arguing, drawing heavily on the partners remaining goodwill, about the nature of the British contribution to the community budget.
When the parliament was eventually directly elected in 1979, one year later then agreed because of British objections, it is representative nature was again distorted – this time by the vagaries of the British electoral system. Only when the question of British budget contribution had been apparently resolved at Fontainebleau in 1984 was the foreign office able to get a British prime minister to deliver a positive paper on direction that the community might now take. Even then, at the end of the third British presidency of the council in December 1986, Britain was once again accused of using it’s powers to keep potentially troublesome item off the European council agenda.









5. Community trade
A trademark is a way for one party to distinguish themselves from another. In the business world, a trademark provides a product or organization with an identity which cannot be imitated by its competitors.
A trademark can be a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, sound, shape, signature or any combination of these elements.
The UK Intellectual Property Office radically altered the way UK national trade mark applications were examined in October 2007. Previously, UK national trade mark applications underwent a full examination both on absolute (distinctiveness) and relative (prior rights) grounds. In October 2007, the search which formed a part of the examination of applications on prior rights grounds became an advisory search in a similar fashion to the Community Trade Mark system, bringing into force Section 8 of the Trade Marks Act 1994. No longer will the UKIPO unilaterally be able to prevent the grant of a UK national trade mark application on the basis of an earlier pending application or prior registration for a conflicting mark. Instead, it will be up to the proprietor of that right to oppose the application when it advertised for opposition purposes, although the UKIPO will still advise owners of conflicting application where citations including their marks have been sent to the applicant to assist them in making an opposition.
A fast-track application process has also been available to applicants since the 7th April 2008.




6. Cooperation between UK and the word
 The London Docklands Development Corporation
OR nearly seventeen years, between July 1981 and March 1998, the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) worked to secure the regeneration of the London Docklands, an area of eight-and-a-half square miles stretching across parts of the East End Boroughs of of Southward, Tower Hamlets and Newham
The area was transformed and the work of the Corporation attracted worldwide attention not least in academic circles. In its lifetime the LDDC responded to this interest through the provision of resources of all kinds but following its winding up in 1998 it has become increasingly difficult to obtain LDDC publications and other historic material about its work. The site seeks to help in filling the gap. The number of visitors to the site has grown enormously and especially among students from schools and colleges throughout the world. Among our other visitors are agencies responsible for the regeneration of urban areas world-wide.
The site is run as a free service to students by The Innes Partnership. On of the partners, Stuart Innes, worked for LDDC for the whole of its 17 year life. The site is hosted free of charge by Zyne Technologies who support the site as an educational resource.

 Sony Corporation
Sony’s UK history began in 1968 when Sony United Kingdom was founded in London. Six years later Sony became the first major Japanese company to open a factory in the UK. Today there are two factories, both in Wales, at Bridgend and Pencoed, which between them manufacture broadcast cameras, television sets and components for the UK and export to other countries around the world.
Indeed, Sony was awarded the prestigious Queens Award for Export on four occasions in the 80s and 90s. Today Sony UK employs around 4,500 people in functions including Manufacturing, Sales and Marketing. Sony’s UK Headquarters are located at Brooklands, near Weybridge, in Surrey, on the site of the old Brooklands Racing Circuit, just inside the M25.
 Landmark
Landmark Information Group is a Daily Mail and General Trust company, and is the UK's leading supplier of digital mapping, property and environmental risk information.
Landmark has an unrivalled source of large scale current and historical digital maps together with high quality environmental risk and planning information. The quality of the data enables Landmark to provide solutions that create peace of mind for our customers when using one of our products.
All property related investment decisions are affected by potential environmental and planning risks and liabilities. Landmark's skill and expertise serves the market need for accurate and timely information - information which makes for informed decision making - managing risk and opportunity.
Working closely with data providers including Ordnance Survey, the Environment Agency, the Coal Authority and the British Geological Survey enables Landmark to offer current and historical environmental risk management information and desktop mapping solutions for the property industry. Since forming in 1995, approximately £20 million has been spent establishing the Landmark database which exists as one of the largest geographical information databases in Europe.

 Starbucks


In May 1998, Starbucks successfully entered the European market through its acquisition of 65 Seattle Coffee Company stores in the UK. The two companies shared a common culture, focussing on a great commitment to customised coffee, similar company values and a mutual respect for people and the environment.
The layout and atmosphere of Starbucks stores are specifically designed to be cosy and intimate, while at the same time providing people with their own personal space to use as they wish. The combination of sofas, armchairs, coffee tables and chairs, bars and stools and meeting room tables means that there is something for everyone.
Those looking for peace and quiet away from home or the office can relax and linger in an armchair and escape into a book, whilst those looking for an intimate place to meet friends can huddle on a sofa and chat over a mug of coffee, as they would in their own home. Soft lighting and background music make the experience complete.

i got from all information to complete my assighment

1. Definition of county
As long as which I have searched in few of information about definition of county, and it is a circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice and public affairs.
2.About St. Patrick, St. Andrews, and St George


2.1 Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick (circa 420's - March 17, 492/93) is the patron saint of Ireland. He was born somewhere along the west coast of Britain in the little settlement or village of Bannavem of Taburnia (vico banavem taburniae in his Confession), which has never been securely identified. It was probably on a coast in the south of England.
His father was Calpornius, a deacon, son of Potitus, a priest in the era before celibacy was ordained for priests, who was a Romanised Briton. A questionable old tradition makes his mother from the upper-class Gaulish family of Martin of Tours, though Patrick makes no such prideful claim. According to his Confessio at the age of about sixteen, Patrick was captured and taken to Ireland as a slave to a Druidic chieftan named Milchu in Dalriada, County Antrim (though Fochill in Co. Mayo is the more likely setting).
Although he came from a Christian family he was not particularly religious before his capture. However, his enslavement markedly strengthened his faith. He escaped at the age of twenty-two and returned to Britain, reuniting with his parents and later becoming one of the first Christian clergymen in Ireland, being preceded by men such as Pallidius (c.380-457/61).
His first converted patron was Dichu, who made a gift of a large sabhall (barn) for a church sanctuary. This first sanctuary dedicated by St. Patrick became in later years his chosen retreat. A monastery and church were erected there, and there Patrick died; the site retains the name Sabhall.
2.2 Saint Andrews
Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, Greece and Russia and wasthe first disciple of Christ.
There are around 600 pre-Reformation churches in England named after Saint Andrew, in contrast to Scotland's handful of churches of all denominations named after the saint. There are approximately 600 pre-Reformation churches in England named after Saint Andrew, in contrast to a handful of Scottish churches of all denominations named after a saint. Nevertheless, it was Scotland that adopted Andrew as its patron - probably because, of Saint Andrew being the brother of Saint Peter, it gave the Scots considerable political leverage with the Pope in pleading for help against the belligerent Home! However, it is Scotland which adopted Andrew as patron - perhaps because, Saint Andrew the brother of Saint Peter, it provides sufficient political influence with the Pope in Scotland pleading for help to fight against the English!
Saint Andrew mean for Scotland? When, in 1603, the new King James I and VI tried to make one united flag, the Scots resisted because the Saltire cross had been given an inferior position in the design. When, in 1603, the new King James I and VI tried to create a united flag, the Scottish Saltire declined because of the cross have been given a lower position in the design. Scottish ships at sea persisted in flying the Saint Andrew's Cross. The ships remained at sea flying Scottish Saint Andrew's Cross.
The Union Jack was the official flag from the Union of the Parliaments in 1707. Union Jack is the official flag of the Union of Parliament in 1707. But, while the Red Lion rampant is the proper Royal flag for Scotland and the Thistle the national badge, heraldic Decrees state official that the national flag and arms of Scotland are the Saint Andrew's Cross. But, while the red Lion rampant is the appropriate flag for the Kingdom of Scotland and the Thistle national insignia, heraldic formal decision states that the national flag and the arms of Scotland is Saint Andrew's Cross.
Saint Andrew is the patron of Russia and Greece but has special significance for the Scots. Saint Andrew is the patron of Russia and Greece but has special significance for Scotland. The Declaration of Arbroath (1320), written by Scottish clergymen to Pope John XXII, was an appeal to the Pope against the Indonesia claim that Scotland fell within the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York. Declaration of Arbroath (1320), written by a Scottish preacher to Pope John XXII, is to appeal to the pope against England Scotland states that fall within the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York.
The Declaration argues that the Scots were a distinct people who had long enjoyed the protection of Saint Andrew, brother of Saint Peter. The Declaration argues that the Scots are the people who have different long enjoyed the protection of Saint Andrew, brother of Saint Peter. Saint Andrew is described in the Declaration of Arbroath as "our patron or protector". Saint Andrew is described in the Declaration of Arbroath as "our patron or protector".
2.3 Saint George
Saint George (ca. 275/281 - April 23, 303) is, according to tradition, a priest in the Roman Diocletian Guard, which is regarded as a Christian martyr. In hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Eastern Catholic Churches. In the hagiography of Saint George is one of the saints of the most respected in the Roman Catholic Church, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and Church Eastern Catholic Churches. He is immortalized in the tale of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. He was immortalized in the story of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. His memorial is celebrated on 23 April, and he is regarded as one of the most prominent military saints. His memorial is celebrated on April 23, and he was regarded as one of the most prominent of the military saints.
Saint George is the patron saint of Aragon, Catalonia, England, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, and Russia, as well as the cities of Amersfoort, Beirut, Bteghrine, Cáceres (Spain), Ferrara, Freiburg, Genoa , Ljubljana, Gozo, Milan, Pomorie, Preston, Qormi, Lod, Barcelona and Moscow, as well as a wide range of Professions, organizations, and disease sufferers. Saint George is the patron saint of Aragon, Catalonia, England, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, and Russia, as well as the cities of Amersfoort, Beirut, Bteghrine, Cáceres (Spain), Ferrara, Freiburg, Genoa, Ljubljana, Gozo, Milan, Pomorie, Preston, Qormi, Lod, Barcelona and Moscow, as well as a variety of professions, organizations, and disease.
3. Under Who's Government when Ireland was united with England?
Beginning in the late 15th century, the Irish Parliament was forced to submit all proposed legislation to the English monarch for approval. In the 18th century, Anglo-Irish statesman Henry Grattan fought for Ireland’s independence from Britain, including the right to make its own laws. The Irish Parliament was scheduled to debate the issue, but the British Parliament had already yielded to Grattan’s demand for legislative independence when Grattan delivered this address on April 16, 1782.